Abstract
PURPOSE
METHODS AND MATERIALS
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
Keywords
Abbreviations:
ABS (American brachytherapy society), AUA (American urological association), BED (biologically equivalent dose), bPFS (biochemical progression free survival), Cs-131 (cesium-131), CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events), CT (clinical target volume), EBRT (external beam radiation therapy), EPIC (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite), FIR (favorable intermediate risk), HDR (high dose rate), I-125 (iodine-125), IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score), LDR (low dose rate), LENT-SOMA (Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force (LENT)-Subjective, Objective, Management, Analytic), LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), MCID (minimum clinically important difference), MFS (metastasis free survival), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), NCCN (National Cancer Center Network), OS (overall survival), Pd-103 (palladium-103), PDE-5 (phosphodiesterase type 5), PSA (prostate specific antigen), PTV (planning target volume), RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), SBRT (stereotactic body radiation therapy), TRUS (transrectal ultrasound), TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate), UIR (unfavorable intermediate risk)Introduction
Half-life (day) | Average energy (keV) | Year introduced | Typical monotherapy seed strength (U) | Suggested monotherapy dose (Gy) | Suggested combination therapy dose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brachytherapy (Gy) | EBRT (Gy) | ||||||
Iodine-125 | 59.4 | 28.4 | 1965 | 0.4–0.8 | 144–145 | 108–110 | 41.4–50.4 |
Palladium-103 | 17.0 | 20.7 | 1986 | 1.5–3.0 | 125 | 90–100 | 41.4–50.4 |
Cesium-131 | 9.7 | 30.4 | 2004 | 1.6–2.5 | 115 | 85 | 41.4–50.4 |
Methods and materials
Process
Guideline recommendation | Strength of recommendation | Strength of evidence |
---|---|---|
KQ1: Which patients are appropriate candidates for brachytherapy monotherapy? | ||
Low risk disease for patients declining active surveillance | Strong | High |
Favorable intermediate risk disease | Strong | High |
Select unfavorable intermediate risk disease (single unfavorable intermediate risk factor) and organ-confined disease on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). | Weak | Moderate |
KQ2: Which patients are appropriate candidates for brachytherapy boost in combination with external beam radiation therapy? | ||
Unfavorable intermediate risk disease | Strong | High |
High risk disease | Strong | High |
KQ3: What are the roles of androgen deprivation therapy with brachytherapy? | ||
Improving disease control outcomes for unfavorable intermediate risk and high-risk disease | Strong | High |
Prostate cytoreduction for low or favorable intermediate risk disease | Weak | High |
KQ4: Which radionuclides can be used for LDR brachytherapy? | ||
I-125 | Strong | High |
Pd-103 | Strong | High |
Cs-131 | Strong | High |
KQ5: What late toxicities are associated with brachytherapy? | ||
Brachytherapy monotherapy is associated with low rates of late Grade 3+ genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. | Strong | High |
Brachytherapy boost with EBRT is associated with greater risks of the late Grade 3+ genitourinary toxicity compared with brachytherapy or EBRT monotherapy. | Strong | High |
KQ6: What are quality of life concerns for patients undergoing brachytherapy? | ||
Although brachytherapy is associated with increased urinary obstructive and irritative symptoms that peak within the first 3 months after treatment, the median time toward symptom resolution is approximately 1 year. | Strong | High |
Brachytherapy boost with EBRT is associated with increased urinary, bowel, and sexual symptoms compared with brachytherapy or EBRT monotherapy. | Strong | High |
KQ7: What are strategies for improving quality of life after implant? | ||
Alpha-blockers | Strong | High |
KQ8: Which patients are appropriate candidates for prostate brachytherapy? | ||
Sufficient life expectancy (>10 years for low or intermediate risk disease, >5 years for high-risk disease) | Strong | Low |
Suitable prostate anatomy | Strong | Low |
Adequate urinary function | Strong | Low |
KQ9: How are brachytherapy plans evaluated? | ||
Pre-implant dosimetry | Strong | Low |
Post-implant dosimetry | Strong | Moderate |
KQ10: What type of seeds should be utilized for brachytherapy? | ||
Loose seeds | Strong | Low |
Stranded seeds | Strong | Low |
KQ1: Which patients are appropriate candidates for brachytherapy monotherapy?
Randomized controlled trials: low and intermediate risk
- Prestidge B.R.
- Winter K.
- Sanda M.G.
- et al.
Multi-institutional outcomes: low and intermediate risk
- Prestidge B.R.
- Winter K.
- Sanda M.G.
- et al.
KQ2: Which patients are appropriate candidates for brachytherapy boost in combination with external beam radiation therapy?
Randomized controlled trials: intermediate and high risk
- Morris W.J.
- Tyldesley S.
- Rodda S.
- et al.
Multi-institutional outcomes: intermediate and high risk
- Sandler K.A.
- Cook R.R.
- Ciezki J.P.
- et al.
KQ3: What are the roles of androgen deprivation therapy with brachytherapy?
Improved disease control outcomes
- Morris W.J.
- Tyldesley S.
- Rodda S.
- et al.
Fellin G., Mirri M.A., Santoro L., et al. Low dose rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT) as monotherapy for early stage prostate cancer in Italy: practice and outcome analysis in a series of 2237 patients from 11 institutions. Br J Radiol 2016;89(1065). doi:10.1259/bjr.20150981.
Cytoreduction
- Zumsteg Z.S.
- Spratt D.E.
- Daskivich T.J.
- et al.
- Dearnaley D.P.
- Saltzstein D.R.
- Sylvester J.E
- et al.
KQ4: Which radionuclide can be used for ldr brachytherapy?
KQ5: What late toxicities are associated with brachytherapy?
- Prestidge B.R.
- Winter K.
- Sanda M.G.
- et al.
- Prestidge B.R.
- Winter K.
- Sanda M.G.
- et al.
KQ6: What are quality of life concerns for patients undergoing brachytherapy?
Brachytherapy monotherapy and quality of life
Brachytherapy boost and quality of life
KQ7: What are strategies for improving quality of life after implant?
Urinary quality of life
Sexual quality of life
KQ8: Which patients are appropriate candidates for prostate brachytherapy?
KQ9: How are brachytherapy plans evaluated?
Pre-implant dosimetry
Pre-implant dosimetry | Post-implant dosimetry | Acceptable post-implant dosimetry | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-125 | Pd-103 | Cs-131 | |||
PTV | V100 >= 95% V150 <= 65% V200 <= 30% | V100 >= 95% V150 <= 75% V200 <= 45% | V100 >= 95% V150 <= 55% V200 <= 20% | ||
Prostate | D90, V100, V150 | D90 ≥ 90% V100 ≥ 85% | |||
Urethra | D5 < 150% | D5 | |||
Rectum | RV100 < 1 cc | RV100 < 1 cc | RV100 < 0.5 cc | RV100 | RV100 <1 cc for I-125/Pd-103 RV100 <0.5 cc for Cs-131 |
Post-implant dosimetry
KQ10: What type of seeds should be utilized for brachytherapy?
Discussion
- Chin J.
- Rumble R.B.
- Kollmeier M.
- et al.
- –whether HDR monotherapy is associated with different PSA control (NCT02960087), toxicity (NCT02258087; PROMOBRA), or urinary quality of life (NCT03426748) outcomes compared with LDR monotherapy in favorable risk prostate cancer;
- –whether SBRT is associated with different acute toxicity profile (NCT02895854; BRAVEROBO) or cost utility (NCT03830788) compared with LDR brachytherapy;
- –whether quality of life differs between HDR brachytherapy boost and LDR brachytherapy boost (NCT01936883; BrachyQOL) in conjunction with EBRT for unfavorable risk prostate cancer;
- –whether LDR or HDR brachytherapy boost with EBRT can improve 5-year bPFS compared with dose-escalated EBRT (NCT02271659; GETUGP05) in unfavorable risk prostate cancer;
- –whether longer durations of ADT for LDR brachytherapy can improve bPFS in intermediate (NCT00664456: SHIP 0804) ([112]) and high risk (UMIN000003992: SHIP 36B) ([113]) prostate cancer. Of note, a recent analysis of the TROG RADAR trial reported that patients who received HDR brachytherapy boost had reduced distant progression with 18-months versus 6 months of ADT ([29]);
- –whether the presence of ADT can improve OS for patients within the EBRT + LDR brachytherapy boost stratification (NCT00936390; RTOG 0815).
- Sanders J.W.
- Lewis G.D.
- Thames H.D.
- et al.
- Nicolae A.
- Semple M.
- Lu L.
- et al.
Disclosures
Appendix. Supplementary materials
References
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